ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Caffeine is a psychoactive substance widely consumed over the past decades. The effect of caffeine can be either beneficial or harmful. It increases cognitive performances, including attention, alertness and concentration. However, high caffeine intake may also induce an anxiogenic effect, causing symptoms such as rapid heart rate, restlessness and nervousness. This study aimed to determine the association between caffeine intake and mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression among undergraduate pharmacy students at UiTM Puncak Alam. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with stratified random convenience sampling. A total of 270 undergraduate pharmacy students in UiTM Puncak Alam, Selangor participated in this study. A set of questionnaires was distributed using the Google Form platform. Standard General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scoring were used to assess the level of anxiety and depression among the respondents, respectively. SPSS version 27.0 was used to analyse the data. Results: About 70.4% of the students consumed caffeine, while 29.6% of the students did not consume caffeine. No significant association was found between caffeine status and the mental health scoring of GAD-7 (χ2 =4.639, p=0.200) and PHQ-9 (χ2 =5.256, p=0.262). Conclusion: Non-daily consumption and a low dose of caffeine intake patterns are good practises to prevent the development of anxiety or depression conditions, although the associations were not significant. Public awareness on possible anxiogenic effect and mental related disorders due to caffeine consumption need to be initiated, as nowadays, the caffeine intake behaviour has become a trendy lifestyle among the young adults.
ABSTRACT
Present study was conducted to observe the effects of testosterone, nandrolone, and stanozolol [forms of AAS] intake during onset of puberty on the rat testicular histology. Juvenile male Sprague-Dawley [SD] rats [n=42] were divided into seven groups and were injected subcutaneously with medium dose of polyethylene glycol-200 [PEG-200] [control], testosterone, nandrolone, and stanozolol for six weeks [PND 41-87]. The animals were weighed daily and sacrificed on PND 88. Testes were removed, weighed, and prepared for histological assessment and finally specimens were observed under microscope. The results showed an insignificant increase in mean daily body weight with highest and lowest body weight gained was of 177.6 +/- 1.69 gr and 140.0 +/- 12.26 gr respectively. There was significant decrease in the testes absolute weight [p